The
earliest known ancestor in our branch of the Spadoni family lived
during the 1400s in a remote village called Marliana, about seven
miles north of Montecatini in Toscana’s chestnut-covered lower
hills of the Alpi Apuane. This isolated location may have helped
Bartolomeo Spadoni avoid the plagues and wars that decimated the more
populous locales. In the mid-1400s, Bartolomeo’s son Francesco
moved seven miles southwest to Stignano, next to the larger towns of
Pescia and Montecatini, and only three miles east of the Seghieri
family. Though geographically close and sharing the same
profession—farming—it is doubtful that the Spadoni and Seghieri
families of the medieval era were well acquainted. The Spadoni family
would have gone to market in Pescia or Montecatini and the Seghieris
in Montecarlo or Altopascio. Additionally, the three miles between
Montecarlo and Montecatini for some centuries was a borderline
between the kingdoms of Lucca and Firenze, further dividing the
neighboring communities.
 |
| Marliana |
A
cycle of wars, famines, ice ages and epidemics that started in the
1300s continued with varying severity all the way into the 1800s.
Periods of peace alternated with renewed warfare as various rulers
battled to control the fertile Valdinievole, the valley of the
Nievole River. The city walls of Stignano were destroyed by warfare
and subsequently rebuilt several times, until the citizens finally
gave up and stopped rebuilding.
 |
| Cosimo I de' Medici |
The castle of Montecatini
Alto contained twenty-five towers and two fortresses surrounded by
nearly two miles of stone walls, but Cosimo I de’ Medici, angered
because the city’s inhabitants refused to side with him, ordered
that the city be destroyed in 1554. Of the wall, only a single door
remains, and only two towers were left standing. Obviously, some of
my ancestors and their family members and friends would have fought
in these battles, as historians estimate that around ten to fifteen
percent of the population participated in armies during the Middle
Ages. Piero Spadoni, born in 1617, is listed in church records as
a corporale in
1661, and by 1664 he had been promoted to sergente.
The cessation of a war brought celebration: A document
from Buggiano, a sister city half a mile from Stignano, announces a
community festa for the cessation of a war in 1544,
to be celebrated with great bonfires.
Cosimo
also struck a more indirect blow to the region in 1548 when he
ordered dams built to stop the outflow from the swamps in the
southern Valdinievole, turning the marshy ground into a lake that
buried forests and farmland and prompted frequent epidemics of
malaria commencing in 1550. Buggiano, Stignano and Montecatini were
particularly hard hit in 1554 and 1557, but malaria outbreaks
continued well into the 1800s. The bubonic plague which had devasted
Italy in the 1300s also returned to claim more lives throughout the
centuries. The Italian Plague of 1629-31 killed another 28,000. It
hit hardest in the north, but a similar outbreak, focused in
Florence, occurred from 1630 to 1633. Stignano and
Buggiano instituted a quarantine prohibiting commercial activities
with Lucca and dozens of other cities in an attempt to keep the
plague away, but it had only moderate success. Parish priest
Francesco Pellegrini wrote in 1631: “In Pescia certainly more
than 2,000 people
have died, and in Massa so
many have died that now there are no more
than 300 souls remaining, big
and small, and maybe fewer in this
community of Buggiano . . . and it is the
same in Stignano.”
It was during this
time that my descendants moved out of the hill village of Stignano
and down into the flats of the Valdinievole. Most relocated only as
far as Borgo a Buggiano and Ponte Buggianese, both within a few miles
of Stignano. The reason for the movement appears to be a combination
of limited area for farming in Stignano and abundant vacant fields in
the plains below—an area prone to flooding but gradually becoming
more usable through the construction of networks of canals and
levees. Two Spadonis, Michele and Battista, are listed as attending
the first Mass of the church of San Michele Archangelo in Ponte
Buggianese in 1602. Antonio joined them in 1623. The church did not
have a baptismal font until 1634, so children were baptized in either
Stignano or Buggiano. The first Spadoni baptized in Ponte Buggianese
was Lorenza, daughter of Antonio and Bartolomea, in 1637. Her cousin
Lorenzo was born next in 1638, to my ancestors, Lionardo and Agnola.
Within the next twenty-five years, numerous other Spadonis moved from
Stignano to Ponte Buggianese, including two Giovannis, two Pieros,
two Domenicos and an Andrea and a Carlo.
 |
Le
lagon gelé en 1708,
by Gabriele Bella, part of a
lagoon which froze over in 1708-9, Venice,
Italy.
|
They
chose a difficult time to start over, as the peak years of the Little
Ice Age occurred shortly after, during a period of weak solar
activity from 1645 to 1715 called the Maunder Minimum. Italian
researchers Nazzareno Diodato and Gianni Bellochi reported in a 2012
study: “Extreme cold with snow occurred in sixteen of
twenty-five winters between 1675 and 1700. Especially the years 1665,
1677, 1684, 1687 and 1692 temperatures fell sharply and rivers on the
Italian peninsula froze. The Venetian Lagoon froze over in 1684 and
1709.”
A
priest in Angers, France, wrote: “The cold began on January 6,
1709. The crops that had been sewn were all completely destroyed.
Most of the hens had died of cold, as had the beasts in the stables.
When any poultry did survive the cold, their combs were seen to
freeze and fall off. Many birds, ducks, partridges, woodcock and
blackbirds died and were found on the roads and on the thick ice and
frequent snow. Oaks, ashes and other valley trees split with cold.
Two thirds of the vines died. No grape harvest was gathered at all in
Anjou. I myself did not get enough wine from my vineyard to fill a
nutshell.”
On a positive note, the Valdinievole during the
1600s and 1700s experienced a respite from the frequent major wars,
even if the ruling foreign governments of Italy changed fairly often.
In the early 1800s, the area succumbed with almost no resistance to
the governance of Napoleon Bonaparte, a rule which lasted until his
defeat and abdication in 1814, at which time the area again became
part of the duchy of Tuscany. When Italy finally united as one
country during the mid-1800s, the people of Tuscany voted
overwhelmingly in favor of joining the new government, and the
transition took place peacefully, with little interruption in the
daily routines of the common people.
In
fact, throughout the hardships, warfare and changes of loyalties
between the 1300s and the 1800s, for the farmers in the region, life
changed very little. Each family would have kept donkeys, oxen or
cows to help plow the fields, which were planted with wheat, olives,
grapes and fruit trees—Biblical products, common food for all
peoples of Mediterranean stock. Every family threshed its own wheat
with heavy wooden flails, which can still be seen today in some
remote Tuscan farms. Likely my ancestors wore the common dress of
peasant farmers of the time, a short gray tunic of coarse homespun
wool called a bigella.
From
the writings of Francesco Datini, a wealthy merchant who lived in the
late 1300s in nearby Prato, we can see foods that were common during
the era, which are largely the same today. He wrote of eating
lasagne, ravioli, minestra, mortadella, eggs, cheese, bread made from
finely ground wheat flour, fish, pork and a wide variety of fowls,
both wild and domesticated. Datini’s stuffing for ravioli consisted
of “pounded pork, eggs, cheese and a little sugar and parsley,
after which the ravioli were fried in pork lard and powdered with
sugar.” It is likely that ravioli made by Spadoni and Seghieri
women were simpler, though, as they were not as well off as Datini.
A
cookbook of the day describes a red sauce made of raisins, cinnamon,
sandal and sumach (a substance now used only for tanning). These were
pounded together and mixed with wine and meat. A white sauce used
sugar, cinnamon, cloves, bread and vinegar. Of course olive oil, wild
herbs and nuts were probably used frequently to complement pasta as
well, especially by peasants.
A
typical contadino would have produced all the food
needed to feed his family. Four or five people could survive on the
produce of one ettaro of land, about two and a half
acres. Their gardens would have grown a large variety of vegetables
the same as are seen in farmers’ markets today, including carrots,
potatoes, beets, garlic, onions, leeks, radishes, turnips,
artichokes, eggplant, asparagus, fennel, chard, spinach, broccoli,
cabbages, cauliflower, peppers, basil, beans, lentils, chickpeas,
zucchini and other types of squash and another handful of verdure,
quite a bit of which also grew wild. Included in the latter category
were fungi, wild mushrooms, of which there were dozens of
varieties to seek out in the hills. Then they would have had fruit
trees: apples, pears, apricots, peaches, figs. Each year, the farmers
would plant a few new olive trees and dig several ditches for new
vines. Every family had its own chickens, pigs, rabbits and cows, and
they knew how to use every part for food. Extra eggs, milk,
vegetables and fruit would have been sold at the markets in Pescia
and Montecatini.
While
wars and political intrigue often threatened their families, the
farmers’ more immediate concerns were providing for their families.
They met to establish local laws that would prevent farmers upstream
for impeding the waterways, and local committees met regularly to
mete out penalties if the cattle of one farmer damaged the fields of
another. Fines were doubled if the infraction occurred during the
time of harvest. Fines were cut in half if the offending animal was a
horse, donkey or under a year of age. In addition, the number of
animals was restricted, at least in the area around Stignano. Each
family could possess twelve sheep, two goats, two pigs and six oxen,
with the obligation to conduct them to the mountains for pasture.
Strict laws were also enacted to prevent anyone from cutting herbs or
hay on the fields of a neighbor. Festivals revolved around the
harvests of the most vital of the crops—grains, grapes and olives
in particular.
Some
integral foods now automatically associated with Italy were
unavailable to my ancestors: They had no tomatoes, corn or coffee.
Coffee was not introduced until the 1600s in Venezia, coming from the
east and spreading throughout Italy and then into the rest of Europe.
When paesano Cristoforo Colombo of Genova reached
America in 1492 and imports from the new country began to arrive, two
of the more significant changes in the Italian family diet came with
the arrival of tomatoes and corn, now considered indispensable in the
Italian diet.
Colombo
brought corn to Europe on either his first or second voyage. In 1519,
Spanish explorer Cortez discovered tomatoes growing in Montezuma’s
gardens and brought seeds back to Europe, where they were planted
only as an ornamental crop. Italy was the first to cultivate the
“pomo d’oro,” or yellow apple, outside of South America.
The first reference to tomato sauce in Italian cuisine came in
Antonio Latini’s cookbook, Lo scalco alla moderna.
Latini was chef to the Spanish viceroy of Napoli, and one of his
recipes was for sauce alla spagnuola, “in the Spanish
style.” The first reference for using tomato sauce with pasta
appears in the Italian cookbook L’Apicio moderno, by
chef Francesco Leonardi of Roma, edited in 1790.
Tomatoes
were initially thought to be poisonous by wealthy Europeans, who used
flatware made from pewter, which has a high lead content. Foods high
in acids, as tomatoes are, would cause the lead to leech out into the
food, resulting in lead poisoning and death. But the contadini, who
ate off wooden plates, did not have that problem. Pizza, though, was
not invented until the 1880s in Napoli, and it was unknown to many
20th century Italian immigrants from northern and central Italy,
including my own grandparents and their children, who first tasted
pizza in America.
While
the first members of the Spadoni family in the Valdinievole were
landowners, there was not enough property for all of their children.
Parents could usually leave the family property only to the eldest
child, and the younger ones would have to move out and seek their own
fortunes—which usually meant starting out as sharecroppers under
the mezzadria. Under this system, land was divided
into poderes, varying in size from seven or eight to
thirty acres, sometimes even more. A padrone would
provide a house, barns and stables, plow animals and other livestock,
presses for oil and wine making, and carts and other tools. Instead
of paying rent, a colono would give one half of
every crop harvest and half of any profit made from the sale of
animals, vegetables, eggs and milk. A manager known as a fattore kept
the accounts. Some fattore were said to skillfully
manipulate the ledgers to make a profit from
both padrone and contadino, as is
expressed in this old saying: “Fammi fattore un anno e se
non mi aricco, mi dannó.” Make me a fattore for
a year, and if I don’t get rich, I’ll be damned.
The
system strongly favored the landowners, though, because of the
abundance of peasants struggling to survive. Landowners could require
additional payments beyond the fifty percent, such as extra meat and
other produce for holidays, and the contadino might
also have to provide his own tools. Most coloni never
saved enough money to buy their own land, and the cycle continued
from generation to generation, with the landowners staying rich and
the workers barely surviving. This was the situation for my branch of
the Spadonis, which is obvious from the fact that the family moved to
various locations from time to time. They moved because mezzadria contracts typically lasted no more
than five years before having to be renewed, and
the contadino or colono might find
a better contract at another farm. Either that or the padrone might
demand a more favorable contract for the right to continue farming
his land.
A
few Valdinievole Spadonis did receive some prominence—Emilio
Spadoni was mayor of Ponte Buggianese from 1896 to 1903 and Astolfo
Spadoni from 1925 to 1931, while Elio Spadoni was mayor of Montecarlo
from 1959 to 1974—but the branch of the Spadoni family line that I
descend from had no property of its own in Italy from at least
1800—probably much earlier—until the mid-1950s. In 1863, my
greatgrandfather Pietro Spadoni of Ponte Buggianese married Maria
Marchi of Pescia and signed a contract to work a farm in San
Salvatore. Pietro brought his aged father Pellegrino and mother
Faustina, then sixty-eight and sixty-six, with him. There, Pietro and
Maria gave birth to seven children. The first, Maria Luisa Zelinda,
died at age eleven on October 28, 1875. One day later, second-born
Zelinda, age nine, died as well. Historical documents show that an
epidemic of cholera swept through Italy in the late 1860s and early
1870s. Cholera is caused by bacteria that thrive in stagnant
water—something the swampy Valdinievole had in abundance. The
disease killed 113,000 Italians in 1867.
Some historians have
speculated that the high infant mortality of earlier times
desensitized parents to death. Others dispute this claim, including
historian Sophie Oosterwijk, who writes: “It seems inconceivable
that, in a period when the most popular image was that of the Madonna
and Child, there was little or no understanding of or affection for
children in everyday life. High infant mortality rates do not seem to
have prevented parents from being fond of their children, however
likely they were to lose at least some of them to diseases or
accidents. Miracle reports and other types of documents attest to the
lengths to which parents were prepared to go to obtain healing,
rescue or salvation for their children, as well as to their grief
when their efforts proved futile.”
Pietro and Maria had
three boys born in the 1870s: Enrico, Eugenio and Michele, the latter
being my grandfather. Pietro and Maria gave birth to a second Zelinda
in 1880, and then to Giuseppe Giovanni Lindoro in 1883, the same year
Anita Seghieri was born, just two miles away in San Salvatore.
Giuseppe died when he was only two, and Zelinda met a tragic end at
age seven when she died in a house fire (The
sad story of Zelinda Spadoni).
Seven
years later, Enrico married Eufemia Banchieri and she moved into the
Spadoni household. Eufemia gave birth to Adolfo in 1885 and Alfredo
in 1887 and then they named their first-born daughter Zelinda. It’s
worth noting that this Zelinda not only survived childhood but lived
to age eighty-six. They had four more children as well: Ferruccio,
Pietro, Maria and Rina.
Eugenio
married Isola Fantozzi and they had a daughter, Maria Bruna, born in
1907. Michele, meanwhile, had gone to America in 1902 to improve his economic conditions. He
returned to Italy briefly in 1908 to marry Anita Seghieri. The couple
moved to America in 1909, starting a new chapter in their lives—and
that will be a story for another time . . .
